Effect of Acculturation on Social and Mental Health Services

Effect of socialization on Social and Mental Health ServicesDana Adams The Effect of Acculturation and how it Inhibits the use of Social and Mental Health Services among Mexican-American Elders.As the United States ages over the next several decades, its older race will become much racially and ethnically diverse (Ortman, Velkoff, Hogan, 2014). Between 2012 and 2050, it is stated the United States will experience considerable growth in its older population and by family 2050, the population aged 65 and over is projected to be 83.7 million, almost double its estimated population of 43.1 million in 2012 (Ortman, Velkoff, Hogan, 2014) with the largest source of immigration be from Mexico than whatsoever other country in the world at a reported level of 12 million immigrants in the U.S. (Ortman, Velkoff, Hogan, 2014). Per Passel and Cohn, 2011), over half (51%) of Mexican immigrant population ar unauthorized, and some 58% of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. ar of Mexican de cent. This literature review is directed by asking the question What is the effect of acculturation and how it does it inhibit the use of social and mental health services among Mexican-American elders? As the per centumage of the aging Mexican American population increases, concerns for their financial strength does also. When ascertain the quality of life of older Mexican- Americans, socioeconomic status is a key factor in their success (Furman, Negi, Iwamoto, Rowan, Shukraft, Gragg, 2009). The U.S. nosecount Bureau reports that nearly 10 percent of the aging population live below official poverty thresholds (U.S. Census Bureau, 2006). Despite lower socioeconomic status, the Mexican American population enjoy a more favorable mortality profile than non-Hispanics, living to 80 years comp bed to 78 years for non-Hispanic whites and 73 years for blacks ( ideal, Prickett Angel, 2014).Within their communities, Elders are considered vital members and are anticipated to actively ful fill essential roles such as those of mentors, ethnical transmitters, providers of charge for grandchildren, and civic and religious leadership (Ramos Wright, 2010). The Mexican cultural value of socialism and communal orientation has the ability to serve as a protective factor in alleviating distress (Furman et al., 2009). In many cultures, such as in Mexico, rapport begins through exchange of conversations or chit-chat before beginning the business of medical history-taking and physical examination (Furman et al, 2009 Gallagher-Thompson, Talamantes, Ramirez, Valverde, 1996 Elliott, 1996). The lack of social and emotional back up whitethorn influence immigrants to rely solely on themselves to manage their stress (Furman et al. 2009). The effects of the stressors associated with constantly having to adapt to unfamiliar environments, subject-related stress (Ramos Wright, 2010), and lack of social and emotional support may take a psychological and physical toll on many immigrant s (Furman et al., 2009). Historically, there has been a lack of mental health services ready(prenominal) in many communities where people of color reside (Griner Smith, 2006 Flaskerud Hu, 1994 Marger, 2002 Sue, 1988 Sue Zane, 1987) because services were focused on the needs of the upper and middle-class European Americans (Griner Smith, 2006 Hall, 2001 Richardson Molinaro, 1996 Ponterotto Casas, 1991 Trusty, Davis, Looby, 2002). Clients of color are sometimes mistrustful of mental health services due to historic racial disparities and a shortage of therapists from their own ethnic background who speak the homogeneous native language (Flaskerud Hu, 1994, Marger, 2002 Sue, 1988 Sue Zane, 1987).A diverse group of national origins is represented by Latinos living in the United States Ramos Wright, 2010),with most of the group being of Mexican origin (Ramos Wright, 2010 Furman, Negi, Iwamoto, Rowan, Shukraft, Gragg, 2009). Migration from Mexico to the United States has been cited as one of the largest mass movements of people in the world (Furman et al. 2009 Escobar-Latap, 1999). In late old age, about one-half of Hispanics of Mexican ancestry lives with family in the Southwestern United States and twice as apparent as those living alone or with spouse to report more financial strain and receive assistance from children (Espinoza, Jung, Hazuda, 2012). The modern Mexican-American family consists of grandparents, parents, children, and extended family members stage in life are appreciated because of their wisdom and cherished life-long experiences (Ramos Wright, 2010). Great value is pose on old age and those who have reached these common characteristics of Mexican-Americans includes the incorporation of friends and extended family (collectivism) with a high level of obligation and responsibility to the members (familism) while putting fierceness on male leadership roles (machismo) and female subordination (Marianismo) (Pedrotti Edwards, 2014). Me xican Americans are more likely than non-Hispanics to rely on family for their long-term tending needs (Angel, Prickett, Angel, 2014 Glick, 1999 Angel et al. 2004). Immigrants and especially those who migrate to the U.S. later in life are particularly dependent on their families (VanHook Glick,2007 Angel, et al., 1999). Research suggests Mexican-American want to live closer to kin and site a higher value on the provision of support among family members (Sarkisian, Gerena, Gerstel, 2007 Burr Mutchler, 1999 Keefe Padilla, 1987 Mindel, 1980). Hispanic elders are little likely to live alone and more likely to live with other family members, particularly in a multigenerational family where an adult child is the householder (Talamantes, Lindeman., Mouton, 2005). While a family may want to care for their aging parents, the care that they may need as they age may create a substantial burden on family (Angel, Prickett Angel, 2014).Recent research suggests that intergenerational rel ations (Umberson, 2002) are bonny increasingly important to Mexican Americans (Swartz, 2009). Mexicans enjoy the intergenerational progress between first-generation immigrants and their second-generation children (Duncan Trejo, 2011). Relative to their parents, the U.S.-born second generation experiences dramatic increases in English proficiency, educational attainment, and earnings and cull to speak English rather than Spanish, and by the third generation most Mexican Americans no longer speak Spanish at all. (Duncan Trejo, 2011).There are several factors such as social support, fluency in English, and no health insurance, and no translators that can impact the acculturation process in Mexican Americans. Acculturation is viewed as the extent to which a minority group adopts the customs, language, behaviors, and values of the majority population ( Yeo, 2009). Individuals who have family and peer social supports tend to experience less acculturation stress and those who are expe riencing high stress tend to experience fewer symptoms of mental distress (Crockett, Iturbide, Torres Stone, 2007 McGinley, Raffaelli, Carlo, 2007 Hovey, 2000).Many Mexican American elders have experient life -long struggles to overcome discrimination and segregation including punishment for speaking Spanish, restaurant segregation, and job discrimination (Furman, Negi, Iwamoto, Rowan, Shukraft, Gragg, 2009). Additionally, the Welfare Reform legislation of 1996 brought stressors for many Mexican American elderly who had immigrated to the U.S. at early ages and had never applied for citizenship (Morawetz, 2000). History of this population in the U.S. is characterized by open conflict, social inequality, prejudice, and discrimination and these factors have greatly and dramatically shaped the sociocultural realities of the aging (Ramos Wright, 2010).McInnis-Dittrich (2005) states that understanding an Elders spirituality helps to understand the older adult view of the world, subseq uent behavior and maintaining a sense of continuity and coherence in order to face changes that accompany the aging process ( p, ). Many Mexican American elders who attend church monthly, weekly, and more than weekly tend to expose slower rates of cognitive decline than those who do not attend church (Herrera, Lee, Nanyonjo, Laufman, Torres-Vigil, 2009).Social workers and mental health providers have a moral and respectable responsibility to provide effective interventions to all clients by accounting for cultural contexts and cultural values (Trimble Fisher, 2006). Social workers and other professionals are becoming more aware(predicate) of multicultural issues and the need to improve the accessibility quality of mental health services (Sue, 1998), and method of payment for individuals who have historically been oppressed and provided in the clients favour language (Griner Smith, 2006 Sue, 1998). An assessment should be completed by the social worker and is a great way of identifying strengths and resilience Elders to solve their challenges (McInnis Dittrich, 2005). Treatment plans and interventions are past developed by a multidisciplinary team. Applying a strengths perspective to the assessment and intervention means there is a focus on helping Elders discover and work their own strengths to help solve problems and achieve their identified goals (McInnis Dittrich, 2005).Limitations this writer identified with this literature review were there was a vast of opinions about what encompasses effective cultural adaptations and some studies varied in the racial/ethnic composition of the intervention groups while other studies had different outcome measures.ReferencesAngel, J. L., Prickett, K. C., Angel, R. J. (2014). Retirement security for black, non-Hispanic white, and Mexican-origin women the changing roles of brotherhood and work. Journal of Women, Politics Policy, 35(3), 222-241.Crockett, L. J., Iturbide, M. I., Torres Stone, R. A., McGinley, M., Raffaelli, M., Carlo, G. (2007). Acculturative stress, social support, and coping Relations to psychological adjustment among Mexican American college students. 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