Etruscan Art

Chapter 9 THE ETRUSCANS ASSIGNMENTS/ WEEK 5 MULTIPLE CHOICE: ENCIRCLE YOUR ANSWER 1. The Etruscans shared a common linguistic heritage and religious reliefs, but they lacked which of the following? a. political cohesion b. being ruled by a king c. extensive international trade experience d. a strong navy for defense and trade 2. Which of the following allowed Etruscan society to transform itself in the 7th century BCE? a. an alliance with Republican Rome b. an alliance with Greek colonies in the South c. great mineral wealth d. a strong navy 3. The fibula excavated from the Regolini-Galassi Tomb illustrates motifs borrowed from the Orient. Which of the following is one of the Oriental motifs? a. walking lions b. standing ibexes c. she-wolf d. galloping centaurs 4. The column used on Etruscan temples is similar to which type of Greek column? a. Doric b. Ionic c. Corinthian d. Composite 5. During the sixth century BCE, Etruscans favored monumental sarcophagi that contained which of the following? a. bones of the deceased b. bones of the entire family c. ashes of the deceased d. ashes of the deceased and his or her slaves 6. The typical tomb form found at Cerveteri is which of the following? a. mausoleum b. tumulus c. tomb-shrine d. mall Etruscan house-shaped terracotta 7. Pedimental sculpture is extremely rare in Etruscan temple architecture. Normally the Etruscans placed their narrative statuary on which of the following elements? a. the peaks of the temple roof b. the double niches on the porches c. only in interior niches in the cella d. only in niches next to the entrance 8. In Etruscan iconography, which of the foll owing symbolized regeneration? a. wine b. birds c. egg d. bees 9. Unlike Greek temples, Etruscan temples were not meant to be seen as sculptural masses. Which of the following architectural elements would this? . Columns completely encircled the structure b. The entrance was centered at the front of the structure c. The front and rear of the structure were indistinguishable d. Narrowed staircases were found on all four sides of the structure 10. The sarcophagus of Lars Pulena was made in the early second century BCE. His expression was somber; although Lars Pulena is shown reclining, he is not at a festive banquet. Which of the following could account for this? a. A funeral called for gloomy behavior a. The family was Roman and did not follow Etruscan funeral practices b. It illustrated the decline in Etruscan fortunes c. It illustrated the decline in the fortune of Lars Pulena 11. Which of the following works of art illustrates how Romanized the Etruscans became in the 1st century BCE? a. Apulu Veii b. Aule Metele c. Fibula, Regolini-Galassi Tomb d. Reclining Couple Sarcophagus 12. Which of the following was a tool used by archaeologists to explore tomb interiors at Tarquinia without the expensive and time-consuming excavation process? a. periscope b. underground seismograph c. surveying local black market dealers d. careful measurement of the entire Tarquinia cemetery 13. The banquet setting seen in the Tomb of the Leopards takes place in which of the following settings? a. a palace dining room b. a private house c. the open air d. the council chambers of the king 14. The theme celebrated in both the Tomb of the Leopards and the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing is which of the following? a. the joy of life b. the gloom of death c. victory in battle d. the sorrow of death 15. The center for the bronze cista industry was located in which of the following cities? a. Rome b. Tarquinia c. Palestrina d. Veii 16. The wide, overhang roof of the Etruscan temple could function as which of the following? a. a place of shelter . a sculptural mass to be seen from all directions c. a poor copy of a Greek temple d. an ill-defined home for the priests 17. Which century marks the incorporation of Etruria into the Roman Empire? a. 1st century BCE b. 3rd century CE c. 5th century BCE d. 2nd century CE 18. How were Etruscan cemeteries arranged? a. They were arranged around a center pyramid b. They were arranged in haphazard manner c. They were arranged in an orderly manner d. There were no cemeteries, burials were allowed in the home garden of the deceased 19. Terracotta sarcophagi showing life-sized reclining figures are most typical of which of the following centuries? . 2nd century BCE b. 6th century BCE c. 1st century BCE d. 9th century BCE 20. The Etruscans preferred which the following materials for sculpture? a. marble b. gold c. terracotta d. limestone 21. Etruscan artisans particularly excelled at which of the following? a. intarsia b. marble sculpture c. weaving d. metalworking 22. Which of the following describes Etruscan art? a. It was a combination of motion and vitality b. It was a combination of stability and calm c. It was a combination of rigid frontality and symmetry d. It was a mass of cylindrical forms 23. How did the Etruscans typically bury their dead? a. on high mountaintops b. n columbaria within the city limits c. in subterranea n rooms arranged along a network of streets in a city of the dead d. in catacombs outside the city walls 24. The Apulu of Veii is made of which of the following materials? a. bronze b. terracotta c. marble d. wood 25. The wall painting in the Tomb of the Leopards portrays which of the following? a. the Roman invasion b. centaurs and lapiths c. banqueters and musicians d. funeral processions 26. Which of the following mythical scenes decorated the Ficoroni Cista? a. the Argonauts b. Medusa and Perseus c. lapiths and centaurs d. the gods versus the giants 27. Who or what is Tinia? . lady of Vulci b. Greek goddess c. an ancient cloak d. Etruscan god 28. The Etruscan temple differed from the Greek temple because it had which of the following? a. an ionic frieze b. a false porch c. no roof d. three cellas 29. The Etruscans preferred what building material(s) for their temples? a. marble b. limestone c. wood and mudbrick d. glazed brick 30. Most architectural sculpture was made to decorat e what part of the Etruscan temple? a. the sides b. the entryways c. the pediment d. the roof 31. The Etruscans became citizens of which the following in the first century BCE? a. Rome b. Perugia c. Paestum d. Athens

Benefits of Educational Trip Essay

Firstly, the educational trip increase the knowledge of student because there is a lot of knowledge that students cannot found it on textbook. Beside that, the location of educational trip also normally never been visited by the students. The students are also been encouraged to write down some information of the places that visited. So, this also make the students had a long lasting of the knowledge of the places visited. Secondly, the educational trip facilitate the learning process because there is changing of study environment for student compare to the classroom. The trip also can solve the problem of student in learning like bored feeling when studying especially for those subject that needed the highly attention from the students. So, the students will become more effective in learning through the educational trip. Thirdly, the educational trip also provide a special experience for students that cannot found in book or trade with money. For sure this experience will also improve the effect of the learning. Beside that, teacher also can use this chance to apply moral value among the students. The moral value is important to students so that they can be a disciplined excellent student. Beside can taking good care of school name, this moral value that applied also useful when they step into the community. Fourthly, the educational trip also make the student more diligent in learning. For some students, they need a real study environment to improve their learning skill. So, the educational trip that provides a learning materialization will improve the learning outcome for the students. Beside that, the educational trip also provides some interesting place for students to relax after they study for a long period in a classroom. For the example, the places like forest will make students feel like close to nature and this will reduce their pressure and give piece of mind for them. Lastly, the educational trip strengthen ties with fellow classmate. Normally, the trip is spent with own families. So the educational trip give the chance for students to know each other better. Within this, the students can have a lot of friends that can help in study and the other thing. For the example study in group and this will make the learning effect with become better then study alone.

How Did Erasmus Use Folly to Criticize the Catholic Church

How did Erasmus use â€Å"Folly† to criticize the Catholic Church of his Day? It may seem odd or different to admire and acclaim Folly, but there is a definite benefit to foolishness: the freedom to tell only factual information. In Praise of Folly, Erasmus put this independence to good use in repeating to the readers, a civilization significantly besmirched by mature worries, that a person is unable to serve both God and Mammon. He leveled over his irony by promising us that â€Å"there is merit in being attacked by Folly† (7), and closed with the recap that â€Å"it's Folly and a woman who's been speaking† (134), a renunciation that permitted him to be as brutal as he desired to be in his condemnation. He definitely found necessity for severity, for the standards he saw at the center of Christianity, the sympathy and detriment of the Scriptures, were everywhere stunned by gluttony, drive, and fallacy. Having the disguise of Folly, Erasmus critiqued the developing middle-class financial values, policies of hierarchy, and even Catholicism itself, and in the course he safeguarded the traditional Christian ethic, which appears as Folly to the world. Obviously, the affection of Christ was distant from the princes of Christendom, having been substituted by egotism and exploitation. While Erasmus remained faithful to the Catholic Church, Erasmus observed many exploitations among her ministry, theologians, and untrained persons, and he dedicated a huge apportion of the Praise of Folly to disapproval of the sleaze in the Church. The sleaze of the clergy was similar to that of the princes, and like the princes their existences made ridicule of the â€Å"linen vestment, snow-white in colour to indicate a pure and spotless life† (107) and other symbols of the ideal Erasmus envisioned for the cardinals, bishops, and popes. Their greatest care was â€Å"netting their revenues into the bag† (107). The popes were biased by the fraud of â€Å"their wealth and honours, their sovereignty and triumphs, their many offices, dispensations, taxes, and indulgences, all their horses and mules, their retinue, and their countless pleasures† (109). In what way, as â€Å"vicars of Christ†, were they able to â€Å"imitate his life of poverty and toil† (108). Reasonably, they permitted individuals to â€Å"enjoy deluding themselves with imaginary pardons for their sins† (63-64) through the deal of pardons, and Church offices were given to the highest bidder rather than the most religious. Erasmus also critiqued the reclusive system, being detached from civilization seemed to make the monks â€Å"a long way removed from religion† (96)l. The priests, like their elders, believed mostly of â€Å"harvesting their gains† (112), using Scripture and ancient writings to reinforce their right to the duty, while â€Å"it never occurs to them how much can be read everywhere about the duty they owe the people in return† (111). Erasmus criticized the theologians, in particular the scholastics, for the exclusiveness that triggered them to â€Å"write for a learned minority† (81) and divide theological aspects that only added to division. Among the untrained people, Erasmus saw â€Å"varieties of silliness† in the â€Å"ordinary life of Christians everywhere† (66). Fallacy and empty rites made up most of the varieties of silliness. Erasmus spoke out contrary to the sect of saints, whose supporters had disremembered the vital opinion that â€Å"the saint will protect you if you'll try to imitate his life† (66) in their dependence on the saints to get them out of dilemmas. He also cautioned of the Virgin Mary that â€Å"the common ignorant man comes near to attributing more to her than to her son† (65). The â€Å"varieties of silliness† and fallacy of the commonplace people had substantially fogged the important principles of Christianity, yet they were â€Å"readily permitted and encouraged by priests who are not unaware of the profit to be made thereby† (66). Erasmus acknowledged that the standards and financial system of Capitalism that were evolving along with the new middle-class was in many ways differed to conservative Christianity, so traders and their class were integrated in the mocking attacks of Folly. He criticized many classes of people for their commitment to Mammon: gamblers who â€Å"make shipwreck of their entire resources† (62), the man who â€Å"marries a dowry, not a wife† (76), or â€Å"thinks himself rich on loans and credit† (76), â€Å"the priests who look for profit by their flocks† (66), and the merchants themselves, â€Å"most foolish of all, and the meanest† (76). Erasmus brought out their â€Å"lies, perjury, thefts, frauds, and deceptions† (76), which does not stop them from seeing themselves greater on justification of their prosperity. He also made note of the narcissism of this wealth, though one can be affluent and influential, â€Å"if he lacks all spiritual goods and can never be satisfied, then he's surely the poorest of men† (44). â€Å"Spiritual goods† such as devout knowledge are not good business sense: â€Å"How much money,† Folly asks, â€Å"can he make in business if he lets wisdom be his guide, if he recoils from perjury, blushes if he's caught telling a lie, and takes the slightest notice of those niggling scruples wise men have about thieving and usury? (114) The traders instead displayed a sophisticated understanding to outfit their gluttony. Erasmus also criticized the tiered type of his society, in particular criticizing the dishonesty of kings and their courts and the desolation of noble designations. He reprimanded those who took pleasure in â€Å"an empty title of nobility† (67), proposing they might be called â€Å"low-born and bastard† because they were â€Å"so far removed from virtue, which is the sole source of nobility† (45). He grieved that honesty is far from stately courts, princes â€Å"having no one to tell them the truth, and being obliged to have flatterers for friends† (56). His idea of what a monarch should be is very forward and point blank, he â€Å"has to devote himself to public instead of his personal affairs, and must think only of the well-being of his people† (104). But in reality it was far dissimilar, as Erasmus showed the idea of the prince, whose immoralities make ridicule of the royal representations of what he should be, â€Å"a man ignorant of the law, well nigh an enemy to his people's advantage while intent on his personal convenience, a dedicated voluptuary, a hater of learning, freedom, and truth, without a thought for the interests of his country, and measuring everything in terms of his own profit and desires. Then give him a gold chain, symbol of the concord between all the virtues, a crown studded with precious stones to remind him that he must exceed all others in every heroic quality. Add a sceptre to symbolize justice and a wholly uncorrupted heart, and finally, the purple as an emblem of his overwhelming devotion to his people. If the prince were to compare these insignia with his way of life, I'm sure he would blush to be thus adorned, and fear that some satirist would turn all these trappings into a subject for mockery and derision† (105). Though he criticized the irrationality that led to fraud in the Church, societal ladders of rank, and finances, Erasmus smoothed out his justification of conservative Christianity with admiration for a different kind of Folly, the vital Scriptural truths of Christianity which are the knowledge of God that seems silliness to people. He mentioned Paul's lessons of the folly of the Gospel, declaring that â€Å"the Christian religion has a kind of kinship with folly in some form, though it has none at all with wisdom† (128). If â€Å"by stoic definition wisdom means nothing else but being ruled by reason; and folly, by contrast, is being swayed by the dictates of the passions† (29), then the dominant education of Christianity, love for God and one's fellow citizen, was in fact similar to folly, for love is definitely a passion. This forsaken love along with empathy, martyr, and the other principles of Christian idiocy, was what Erasmus pursued to support in his criticism of a civilization tainted in the observance of Mammon rather than God.

Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Criminology - Essay Example Thus, it is clear that both of them are actually related to each other and that Criminology forms the basis of formation of the Criminal justice system, while its future development also depends on further case studies. As Criminology feeds information into the Criminal justice system, it develops the appropriate defensive techniques, just like the human body does, in response to a vaccine. This is why one is useless without existence of the other. Deviance is behavior that is quite different from the social norms, and morally unacceptable in the society. They can be of varying extents in different societies due to cultural variations among them. Urinating in public, and rape are common deviation examples of small & large scale, respectively. Meanwhile, Criminology is the science of studying and recognizing reasons behind these deviations found in some people of a society, which it feeds to the Criminal justice system to help right them and build a more socially acceptable society. While the Consensus view relies on consent of the majority of a society, Conflict view is a one-man show, the exact opposite of Consensus. On the other hand, the Interactionist view can be calibrated between these two, as it depends on an individual’s own judgment of an event. It is possible that every member does not agree with the majority, but does have to follow them, as they are the lawmaking body and a strong bond of the society. Even if every society does have a Consensus view, it may not necessarily be morally acceptable to other societies. This may be due to cultural differences among them; for example, nudist colonies are despised by almost all societies although some may find it kinky. Meanwhile, in the Conflict view, economically powerful personalities bend the law to their own benefit whether it is accepted by the majority, or harmful to them. It may be for protection as they may themselves be involved in organizational crimes such as smuggling. And the Interactionist

Alexander the great Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alexander the great - Assignment Example Within his lifetime as king of Macedonia, Alexander the Great was the one person who was able to build and reign over among the greatest empires and kingdoms in the history of mankind. He was only a young man of when he inherited his father’s kingdom, yet he became greater than many of the kings and emperors combined. â€Å"Thus, at the age of twenty Alexander inherited the kingdom of Macedonia, beset as it was by great jealousy, bitter hatred, and dangers on every side. (Freeman 39) Although immediately faced with troubles from every aspect, he was able to, at a young age, rule his kingdom wisely, powerfully and effectively. The size of his empire is evidence enough to prove that Alexander indeed was a force of greatness and good, yet his character also provides proof of his genius, intelligence and powerful command over his subjects. He had the great capacity and skill to gather power and overthrow a much stronger force. This strength and intelligence was greatly influenced by the teachings of Aristotle that prepared him to become the great king that he was. â€Å"To those who lived to see Alexander in Asia, this event foreshadowed many occasions on which his independence, intelligence and courage brought triumph after triumph.† (Hammond 146) Aside from the massive empire that Alexander ruled before he even reached the age of 33, he was also the catalyst of the conglomeration of the Greek culture and the other cultures in other nations such as Persian, Indian, and Egyptian cultures. This conglomeration of different cultures is known as the Hellenistic culture. During the Hellenistic Period, there was an outpouring of developments in the arts including literature, sculpture, architecture, music, theater and stage play. It also encompassed advancements in science, astrology, cosmology and mathematics. This era also underwent a time of heterogeneity. In place of considering and

Probable Chance of Showers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Probable Chance of Showers - Essay Example Because of the above increased reliance on statistics and probabilities, the chances of wrong weather predictions are always there. This paper analyses how concepts used in probability theory are employed by meteorologist to determine when rain will rain in a certain region an how many inches.   In meteorological forecasting, the categorical forecast is one that has only two probabilities: zero and unity (or 0 and 100 percent). Thus, even what we call a categorical forecast can be thought of in terms of two different probabilities; such a forecast can be called dichotomous. On the other hand, the conventional interpretation of a probabilistic, forecast is one with more than two probability categories; such a forecast can be called polychotomous (Probabilistic Forecasting - A Primer) Dichotomous weather prediction is more accurate than polychotomous prediction. In polychotomous prediction more probabilities are there compared to the dichotomous prediction and it is impossible to the public to know how much rain may rain or at what time the rain starts. In other words, polychotomous prediction is only an assumption which lacks scientific facts. On the other hand, dichotomous prediction may have better scientific backing. It always says accurately whether rain comes or not at a particular period over a particular place. In other words, dichotomous prediction is 100% accurate. Dichotomous predictions are not always easy because of the changing climate cycles. Great uncertainties are prevailing in human life and weather prediction is also not free from uncertainties. Because of the increased element of uncertainties involved in weather prediction, probability theory is quite often used in weather prediction. â€Å"Probability starts with logic. There is a set of N elements. We can define a sub-set of n favorable elements, where n is less than or equal to N. Probability P = n/N† (Theory of Probability: Best Introduction, Formulae, Algorithms, Software). In w eather prediction, the favorable elements of rain are atmospheric temperature, humidity, pressure, cloud conditions etc. In other words, the above elements can determine whether rain happens or not at a particular period of time. When the number of favorable elements more, n > N and the probability becomes more than unity. When probability is more than one or equal to one, the chances of rain are more. On the other hand in some cases, N might be the double of n. In such cases, the probability becomes .5 or the chances of rain become 50%. For example while tossing a coin, the probability of getting a tail and head is 50%. Here the attempt made or N is 1 and the coin has 2 sides or n is 2. So the probability p= ? or 0 .5. Probability theory is used based on the frequency of occurrence of events also. It is an accepted fact that during monsoon period, heavy rain will take place. The arrival of rain during monsoon period has started long time back and it continues so. Weather or rain pr ediction during monsoon periods can be easy for the meteorologists by analyzing the frequency of occurrence of rain during the monsoon season. It is possible for meteorologists to analyze the rain data or statistics over a particular period of time and to predict the possible amount of rain which may happen in a particular year. All these calculations are made with the help of probability theory

The Gun- Control Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Gun- Control Debate - Essay Example A person feels a lot safe when he is in custody of a small weapon for his personal protection. These people accused the other side of politicizing this shooting issue. Therefore, there is an ongoing heated debate around the country. The proponents of gun control point out to the consequences of lax measures, whereas the opponents of gun control point to the constitutional right of possessing arms and ammunition. The Dishonest Gun- Control Debate Kevin Williamson in â€Å"The Dishonest Gun- Control Debate† has appealed to both the judgment and the emotions of the American people. The goal of this author is to convince the audience that the gun control debate is unfair and corrupt. Williamson states several rational arguments to put forward his point of view that the debate is deceitful. He argues that there is no connection between guns and crime rate and puts down several facts and figures as well as comparisons between countries. Statistics show that there is no correlation b etween guns and crime committed. There are places in the world where there are huge stockpiles of guns but no crimes, others where there are fewer guns and still less crime. Likewise, he mentions a research study by Zack Beauchamp to point out the tactics used by the politicians to manipulate the gun violence statistics. Through this, he has tried to appeal to the better sense of the American people. The writer has made an excellent use of some of the rhetoric devices to persuade the audience to his point of view. When the writer states, â€Å"We hear a lot about â€Å"gun deaths† in the United States, but we hear less often the fact that the great majority of those deaths are suicides,† he made effective use of antanagoge- criticizing and complimenting together to lessen the impact of the point. The writer has made an impressive use of epithet- a describing adjective- to appeal to the audiences’ emotions. Similarly, Williamson has mentioned an anecdote from his personal life to provide his perspective on the debate. He states that he lived years in one of the most voiced crime riddled area of New York; however, he never became a victim despite travelling late at nights. The author has made use a vibrant tone in his article. He has used some of the authoritative words and phrases to illustrate the grim of the debate. At the same time, the author has maintained an eloquent structure of writing where opinions, facts and illustrations are presented in a coherent manner. Nonetheless, Williamson has lacked in the effective usage of pathos and clearly failed to appeal to the emotions of the people. However, Williamson has, overall, made an effective use of the rhetoric devices to appeal to the sense of the people. The Gun Debate is a Cultural Debate Trevor Burrus in â€Å"The Gun Control Debate is a Cultural Debate† argues that the gun issue has always been a cultural issue. One culture argues that gun possession leads to violence while t he other follows that gun possession promotes safety. Therefore, the author in this article has tried to convince the people about the presence of cultural divide on this issue through logical reasoning as well as appealing to the community beliefs and attitudes. The writer has tried to make effective use of anecdote, epithet, appositive, apostrophe and logos to persuade the audience to his point of view. However, the logical reasoning

Development and the Environment-Environmental Factors and Human Essay

Development and the Environment-Environmental Factors and Human Activity - Essay Example This growth will be mostly seen in the urban areas of several developing countries worldwide (United Nations Population Fund, 2007). China, Indonesia, India and Brazil, whose combined populations account almost half of the world, have highly cosmopolitan centers that were rapidly changing and growing. The socio-economic as well as the political landscapes of these areas have metamorphosed over time due to the sudden proliferation of migrants from within and outside of the country (Jones & Visaria, 1997). It was hypothesized that the large inflows of migrants that precipitated the growth of urban areas were largely due to the multifaceted advantages that people think of cities (Gilbert & Gugler, 1992). The powerful presence of sophisticated infrastructures such as the health-care facilities, transportation services and communication channels, among others, which are hardly evident in rural areas, was believed to be the reason why there is a massive exodus bound for the metropolis (Bar tone, 1991; Gugler, 1988). The proximity of numerous financial institutions and academic organizations also explained these city-ward migrations (Dickenson, 1996). People who are lured by the many an opportunity in business and study relocated to the cities (Kasarda & Crenshaw, 1991). For aspiring investors, the city is a place where the promise of financial rewards abounds. Furthermore, a great deal of the population assumes that the universities and colleges in the city would not only bring them prestige but also outstanding privileges of employment. Consequently, the main rationalization of urbanization is the existence of employment opportunities in the cities (Yamazaki, 1993). Global statistics show that the swift sprouting of industries of multinational corporations in countries like Mexico and South Africa, and the cities of Dubai and Hongkong, spurred the arrival of people from the countryside or the provinces. In the Philippines, although there was a great number of out-mig rations and expatriation in the country, a significant swelling of urban cities was also reported (Stretton, 1981). A noticeable shift of the textile industries to the developing counties was documented in the in the last few decades (Fitzpatrick, 1983). Major players of the automobile industry were also focusing their manufacturing services in the Third World, as the palpable rise of car makers from the developing nations was observed (Cramer, 2005). These major transformations were derived from the proliferation of trading districts, corporate centers and tourism destinations in the Third World, where countries saw the need to gain a competitive edge by creating ‘global cities’ (Melchert, 2005). Hazards to the Urban Poor The story of urbanization is a paradox. While opportunities exist, problems also persist. As populations in urban areas grow swiftly and irrepressibly, the urbanites are confronted with a host of man-made and natural hazards. It is a wide-ranging pred icament to the urban poor: from high levels of risk due to inferior shelters and dangerous infrastructures to vulnerabilities in health-care provision, epidemics and criminality. Poverty is seen as the root of all powerlessness and the violations of the rights of the low-income citizens. Aside from this, the urban poor is faced with environmental hazards in their homes and workplaces that would lead to

Hubble space telescope Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hubble space telescope - Research Paper Example this brief analysis will consider the initial need and desire for such an instrument, development of the telescope, launch and operation use, breakthroughs in astrophysics and astronomy that have since been able to be uncovered by means of the Hubble Space Telescope, and future outlook for the Hubble as well as other planned space telescopes. Although certainly not the first astronomer to note the need for a space based telescope, Hermann Olberth formerly iterated his desire to see such a plan put into implementation as early as 1923. The ultimate reason behind such a bold and technologically challenging plan was the need to get beyond earth’s inner atmosphere as a means to reduce the level of light and environmental pollutants and/or dust that so strongly influenced the quality of astronomical work that could be performed with traditional earth based telescopes. Recognizing these limitations, astronomers such as Hubble began to lobby funding entities for the means to design and build a non-earth based telescope (O’Dell 265). Unfortunately however, as is often the case with scientific visionaries, the work of actually building the space telescope was not completed until long after Olberth and many others instrumental in the formulation and development of such an idea were dead. After years of delays, a near continual struggle for available resources and review and oversight by nearly every imaginable entity, the Hubble Space telescope was finally launched in 1990. It should be noted that regardless of the delays or the budgetary overruns and issues that have herein been discussed, the Hubble Space Telescope represented the very cutting edge of optical technology; so much so that it has continued to be relevant over 20 years after being in service. This is a seemingly impossible feat of engineering and design due to the fact that the computer revolution, the age of the internet, fiber optics, and a litany of other technology breakthroughs have occurred

Democracy Promotion for Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism Essay

Democracy Promotion for Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism - Essay Example Realism believes that democracy promotion is suspicious because states cannot be certain of the true intentions of democracy-promoting states and because the existence of a democratic international system is impossible (â€Å"Realism Introduction† 8, 15). Realism does not think that democracy can be trusted because it is someone else’s democracy. The U.S. is not only projecting values because its democracy promotion is projecting U.S. power too. At the same time, promoting democracy internationally is hardly attainable because there is no government authority that can enforce an international form of democracy (â€Å"Realism Introduction† 8). In particular, if the U.S. promotes democracy in the Middle East, and the projection of values can undermine the power structures in autocratic states, the latter would want to reduce American influence on cultural values and political systems. Others might create alliances to engage in war with more democratic states. The r esult could be violent conflicts where weak autocratic states attack weaker autocratic or more democratic states, in an attempt to block America’s democracy promotion in the region. Liberalism promotes democracy that could lead to a strong, economically-interdependent international society. Economic liberalism believes that trade and economic interdependence can build peace (â€Å"Liberalism Introduction† 6). U.S. democratic values that positively impact the motivation for regional and international economic agreements for involved states are needed to establishing interdependency.

Violence - video game Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Violence - video game - Essay Example According to Anderson (n.p.), ‘the active role required by video games is a double-edged sword.’ This indicates that while some term video gaming as a quick avenue to increased violence in society, it remains the effective teaching tool in schools and society. Technological advancements have made it possible for learning institutions to use both violent and non-violent video games to pass around useful information that moulds learners into better, creative and active people in society (McLean & Griffiths 121). While parents show aggressive resistance by denying their children access to violent video games, they must understand that the number of children who love video gaming is higher than that of adults. Reports from the Entertainment Software Association affirm that provide children are exposed healthy learning challenges when they play violent video games. Through them, they are in a position to understand and apply rules effectively in real life. In addition, learne rs can best understand real world issues revolving around war, sexual abuse, death, and mechanisms to deal with trauma that comes after such events. Psychologists’ assumption is that violent video games modify human behavior because people tend to adopt skills and act according to what they see and hear. While the assumption is a true material fact, video games only cause health complication for instance depression. Continuous playing deprives human beings a chance to interact and build social networks. However, when people play video games together, they get ample time to interact and socialize. Violent video games can be scary especially to children because of the actions, challenges, and difficulty to win. However, it provides good mechanisms of helping them overcome fear and anxiety. With time, they understand and control their emotions of fear and anxiety. Harvard researchers Lawrence Kutner and Cheryl Olson argued that, ‘playing

Blast Report Essay Example for Free

Blast Report Essay Blast Report The case study I received was about a family of four that was experiencing symptoms of fever, abdominal cramping, and diarrhea. The children were affected more severely than the adults. It seems that the family consumed spoiled food considering that their fridge broke early in the day and they ate the food that was in there later on. My blast came up with a 99. 6% match with Salmonella typhimurium. This seems to be an accurate match considering the symptoms related with a Salmonella typhimurium infection. Salmonella causes gastroenteritis with symptoms f diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain with elderly people, children and pregnant women being at greatest risk of developing infection. This is consistent with the familys children having more severe symptoms. Symptoms typically last two to five days. S. typhimurium causes infection by invading the intestinal mucosa and multiplying in specialized vacuoles and then invading the liver and spleen where it causes systematic disease. S. typhimurium enters the host orally through spoiled or undercooked meat and the incubation period is about 12 to 24 hours. It can also be transmitted through the fecal matter or contaminated water which can easily happen in poorly developed countries with poor waste management. Infection of S. typhimurium is highest in countries with poor sanitation but it can occur in any part of the world. The infection should clear up on its own for healthy individuals with access to clean water and food but if the infection spreads to the bloodstream, antibiotics will need to be taken. Transmission can be easily prevented by properly handling and cooking food, and by washing hands often. Since this family is therwise healthy and has access to clean food and water, they should be fine within a few days with no need for antibiotics. S. typhimurium is a rod shaped gram-negative bacterium. It is a facultative anaerobe so it does not require oxygen to survive. It is also motile via use of flagella. Unlike most Salmonella species, S. typhimurium does not ferment lactose. The citation I selected discusses the effect of the addition of nisin to current Salmonella antibiotics. Overuse and abuse of antibiotics has lead to a serious ongoing problem of antibiotic resistance.

Presentism Eternalism And Special Relativity Philosophy Essay

Presentism Eternalism And Special Relativity Philosophy Essay In this essay I hope to show that it is not necessarily true that Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity refutes presentism. It is not my aim to show that presentism is correct, nor is it my aim to show that eternalism is incorrect. I aim to show that it is naÃÆ' ¯ve for eternalists to assume that STR favours the eternalists view on time over the presentists view. I will start this essay by explaining and defining the views of the presentist and eternalist. For any valuable work to be done in defending presentism against the claims of STR, I believe a sound understanding of what both presentism and eternalism entails is needed. I will make it clear how presentism and eternalism differ and make it clear what is meant when they say something exists. I will then move onto discussing STR. I hope to explain STR in as clear a manner as possible, although I will not be explaining it in the depth found in physics papers. I will consider the postulates that make up STR and consider the imp ortant paradoxes these lead to. In particular, I will discuss the paradox of the speed of light and the paradox of simultaneity, as these are a concern to the presentists view. With STR adequately explained (in enough detail that I may hope to defend Presentism against its claims) I will move onto considering the arguments Philosophers have brought forward in an attempt that STR supports a 4D model of the universe, and as a result refutes Presentism. I will consider the Rietdijk-Putnam argument, and Penroses version of this argument, The Andromeda Paradox. By explaining these arguments I hope to show clearly the problem that STR poses for presentism. Finally, I will consider two defenses  [1]  of Presentism against the claims of STR. The first defense is brought forward by Hinchliff (2000), and the second defense is brought forward by Markosian (2004). I find the latter defense to be the more compelling, and I will explain why I think this. I will conclude by offering my reasoni ng for thinking that STR does not necessarily refute presentism. I start this essay by defining the terms presentism and eternalism, and by discussing what they mean when they say something exists. Section 1- Defining Presentism and Eternalism I start this section by considering presentism. To show what presentism actually entails, I think its important to first consider where the view comes from. Presentism can be traced back to McTaggarts famous 1908 paper The Unreality of Time. In this paper, McTaggart highlights two ways in which we experience time. These ways form what he calls the A-series and B-series. The A-series is a tensed series where events are arranged using tensed properties such as past, present or future. The B-series is a tenseless series where events are arranged relationally using terms such as before or after. McTaggart claims that the A-series is essential to time as events only change with respect to their tensed properties, and time must involve change (p26, McTaggart, 1927). No change occurs in the B-series. If event A is before event B, then event A will forever be before event B. Those who claim that we should talk about time using tenses, and claim that the A-series is essential to time are know n as A-theorists. Those who think tensed expressions are reducible to tenseless expressions, and claim that the B-series is essential to time are known as B-theorists. Some A-theorists advocate presentism, and some B-theorists advocate eternalism. Of course, it is not always the case that A-theorists are presentists, and not always the case that B-theorists are eternalists. Zimmerman notes two other views that the A-theorist could hold; the growing-block theory and the moving spotlight theory (Marcus, 2012). These will not be considered in this essay. Now that Ive explained where eternalism and presentism come from, I will move onto actually defining presentism. There are a number of ways in which presentism has been defined. In this essay, I will take presentism as the view that only things in the present exist or as Markosian (2004) defines it: Necessarily, it is always true that only present objects exist (p1, Markosian, 2004) The presentist distinguishes the present as being special over the past or the future, in that it is only objects in the present exist. The presentist believes in an absolute (universal) present, where all events happening now, exist. No events (or objects) that exist, exist in the past or future. We can see why the presentist will claim that the A-series is essential to time and why the B-series is not. Only in the A-series can objects or events be located (temporally) in a present moment. The B-series does not treat the present as being any more real than the past or future. Its hard to see what would count as the present in the B-series, as all events are arranged relationally as either before or after other events. Its important to note here that necessarily, it is always true that only present objects exist is not the same as saying only the present exists as some have interrupted it (e.g. Davidson, 2003).The presentist may say that the past and future exist (in some sense of the word exist), but no objects exist in the past or future. Nor does presentism equal the tautology that is only present objects exist at present (Vallicella, 2003). Nor is it the claim that all objects that have existed, and that will ever exist, exist in the present now. Its easy to see the difference between these statements when the flow of time is taking into account (the presentist view accounts for the flow of time, whereas the externalist view does not). The diagram below shows the presentists view. In diagram (a), the present moment (now) happens to be a moment in 1967. The presentist would say that only things (or objects) in this moment in 1967 exist. Nothing exists in the past or future. In diagram (b), the present moment (now) happens to be a moment in 2013. The presentist would say that only things (or objects) in this moment in 2013 exist. No objects exist in the past (which now includes 1967) or future. Now that I have defined presentism and made it clear how I will be referring to it in this essay, I will move onto defining eternalism and in the process, contrast it with presentism. Eternalism can be thought of as the main rival to presentism. As mentioned previously, the eternalist sees the B series as being essential to time and denies the existence of the A-series. Eternalism is the view that objects in the past and future are equally as real as objects in the present. objects from both the past and the future exist just as much as present objects (Markosian, 2010) Others have said that Eternalism is the view that all times are real (p326, Ladyman, 2007), but I see this is open to further interpretation. I will be interpreting all times are real as meaning objects can equally exist in the past or future. Its not hard to see how this contrasts with the presentists view, nor is it hard to see why eternalists accept the B-series. All times in the B-series are treated equally. Theres no special property given to a present moment. Eternalism is sometimes referred to as the block universe view, as the past, present and future all exist in a closed 4-dimensional Space-time block (p2, Peterson Silberstein, 2009). Presentism, on the other hand, may be thought of as endorsing a 3D view of the universe. As Valente (2012) puts it in The Relativity of Simultaneity and Presentism: For an eternalist (four-dimensionalist) a 3D object is just a slice of a four-dimensional (4D) worldline of a timelessly existing 4D world (or block universe) in which all the slices (i.e. the 3D objects) are actually all given at once. For a presentist, the 3D world consists of all 3D objects and fields existing simultaneously at the moment now or present. (p4, Valente, 2012) Presentism and Eternalism can be visually imagined as in the diagram below. Presentism features a present moving with the flow of time. Time to the eternalist can be imagined as a block  [2]  which contains the past, present and future, along will all objects and events. (Savitt, 2008) The differences between presentism and eternalism can be further shown by using an example. I will consider the example used by Lombard (2009) in his paper Time for a Change: A polemic against the Presentism Eternalism Debate. Lets take the statement Dinosaurs exist. Dinosaurs are not included on the presentists list of things or objects that exist. Dinosaurs are however included on the eternalists list of things or objects that exist. Of course, as Lombard points out, the eternalist is not saying that there are dinosaurs, that is, right now (p58, Lombard, 2009). As the eternalist believes that objects exist in the past, in the same way as they exist in the present, they must insist that dinosaurs nevertheless exist (p58, Lombard, 2009). This is point that can lead to confusion. Its important to understand what we mean by the word exist in the statement Dinosaurs exist. Markosian (2004) gives a brilliant explanation of what we should mean by exist in his paper A Defense of Presentis m. In what follows, I will consider this explanation and make it clear what exist means. Markosian highlights two ways in which we may think about the word exist. The first sense in which we may think of the statement Dinosaurs exist is what Markosian calls the temporal location sense. Under this interpretation, Dinosaurs exist is synonymous with Dinosaurs are present. Under the temporal location sense of the word, the eternalist will agree that no non-present objects exist right now i.e. Dinosaurs do not exist right now. However, this is not what we will be taking the eternalist to mean when they say Dinosaurs exist. Markosian calls the other sense of exist, the ontological sense. Under this interpretation Dinosaurs exist is synonymous with dinosaurs are now in the domain of our most unrestricted quantifiers, whether it happens to be presentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦or non-presentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p2, Markosian, 2004). The eternalist will agree with this. The presentist will argue that dinosaurs are not now in the domain of our most unrestricted quantifiers, as dinosaurs do not exi st in the present (now), and only things that exist in the present will be included in the domain of our most unrestricted quantifiers. Under this interpretation of exist the disagreement between the presentist and the eternalist becomes clear. According to presentism, dinosaurs do not exist i.e. dinosaurs are not included in the things that our most unrestricted quantifiers range over. According to eternalism, dinosaurs do exist i.e. dinosaurs are included in the things that our most unrestricted quantifiers range over. For the Presentist what objects our most unrestricted quantifiers range over is a changing matter of fact (p13, Kehler, 2011). This is because the objects of the present are forever changing as time passes (in line with change in the A-series, as discussed earlier in this essay). The opposite is true for the eternalist. What objects our most unrestricted quantifiers range over never changes (in line with the unchanging B-series as discussed earlier). With presentism and eternalism defined and discussed, and the difference between the two made clear by discussing the meaning of exist, I will move onto the next section of this essay. In the next section, I will be considering Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity (STR). I will be considering the postulates that make up Einsteins theory and discussing some of the paradoxical consequences of these. I will then discuss the arguments Philosophers have come up with in an attempt to show that STR implies a 4D view (eternalism). These arguments will be the Rieldik-Putnam argument, and I will construct my own version of Penroses Andromeda Paradox. Once STR is made clear, I will conclude the section by considering what these arguments mean for both presentism and eternalism. Section 2 The Special Theory of Relativity: the Thorn in Presentisms Side As this is a Philosophy essay, and not a Physics paper, I will not be going into any great detail in explaining Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity (STR), and Im unlikely to do it justice. I will, however, explain the theory in enough detail so to allow me to adequately discuss the arguments in support of the 4D model and against presentism. This will also help me in defending presentism in the final section of this essay. Without adequate knowledge of STR and its paradoxical nature, its unlikely I, or any other philosophers, would be able to even start defending presentism against its claims. I start by considering the postulates behind STR. In 1905, Albert Einstein presented STR in his paper On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies. The theory itself is derived from a number of postulates, of which two can be said to form the heart of Special Relativity (Hamilton, 1998). The first postulate is the Principle of Relativity: There is no absolute rest frame of reference (p1, Lee, 2012) The second postulate is the Principle of Constancy of the Speed of Light: The speed of light c is a universal constant, the same in any inertial frame (Hamilton, 1998) Together, these postulates open up paradoxes which lead Philosophers to the thought that STR implies 4D view of time (eternalism). Inertial frame (or inertial reference frame) here will be defined as frames of reference in which Newtons first law of motion is observed. Newtons first law of motion is that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force (Benson, 2010). Before Special Relativity, the speed of light was thought to depend on the speed of the person observing and the speed of the source from which the light came (Lawerence, 2002). An experiment was conducted in the late 1800s by Michelson and Marley in the hope that this was correct (Carlip, 1996). As the earth orbits around the sun at .01% the speed of light (Lawerence ,2002), Michelson and Marely hoped they would be able to show that a light beam moving along with the orbit of the earth would be .01% slower than a light beam going perpendicular to the orbit of the earth. To their surprise, this was not the case. Every attempt to find a difference in the speed of light failed. The light always took exactly the same amount of time to travel down either leg (Lawerence, 2002) Since light always travelled at the same speed in the experiments  [3]  , Einstein took the constancy of the speed of light to be a fact of nature, and from it, formed the second postulate of STR. Now that the history behind STR has been discussed, and the postulates of STR have been explained, I will move onto discuss how these postulates lead to some interesting paradoxes. The second postulate leads to an interesting paradox. In order to understand the problems that STR poses for presentism, its important to understand what this paradox entails. I will construct this paradox by way of example, based on the example used by Hamilton (1998). Lets pretend Im standing on the surface of the Earth  [4]  . Im wearing a helmet on my head. The helmet has the ability to emit a powerful flash of light. My friend Bob has a super car which just so happens to be capable of moving at a constant half the speed of light (1/2c). Bob is moving in a straight line from my right to my left. At the very point that Bob passes me, my helmet lets out a flash of light. This light expands at the same speed (c) in all directions. According to the second postulate of STR, the speed of light is constant for both of us. This means that from my frame of reference, the light expands at the same speed in all directions, and that from Bobs frame of reference the light expands at the s ame speed in all directions (even though he is moving at half the speed of light away from the light source). The paradox here is that, from our own frame of reference, we both believe we are at the centre of the flash of light. Its not possible that we are both at the centre of the flash of light. Before considering the solution to this paradox, I will discuss the example of this paradox as shown by Penroses (1989) Andromeda Paradox. Using his Andromeda Paradox argument, Penrose attempts to show that the Universe is a pre-determined 4D Space-time block, which causes problems for presentism. Penrose (1999) asks us to consider two people (Jack and Jill) walking past each other on the street. Jack is walking towards the Andromeda Galaxy  [5]  and Jill is walking away from the Andromeda. From STR it can be said that Jack and Jill have different ideas about what events are presently happening in the Andromeda Galaxy. It would take light from the Andromeda Galaxy 2.5 million years to reach either person, and as such, they dont know what events are happening, but whether or not they know of the events happening is of no importance here. An event on Andromeda that Jack thinks is present (from his frame of reference), is an event that Jill still thinks is yet to happen (from her frame of reference). To Jill, the event is in the future. Penrose calculates the event is 5  ¾ days behind in time for Jill. One can calculate that their planes (or spaces) of simultaneity at the instant at which they pass each other on Earth intersects the history of the world line of Andromeda about 5  ¾ days apart (Savitt, 2008) Our planes of simultaneity  [6]  are different. The diagram below shows this: (modified from BobC_03, 2012) With the paradoxes explained, I can consider what they mean for both Presentism and Eternalism, and show how the minowski Universe appears to favour Eternalism. Its possible that an event in Andromeda is in the present (and according to Presentism does exist) for Jack, but the same event is in the future (and according to Presentism does not exist) for Jill. Here lies the problem that STR its paradoxical nature poses for Presentism. As can be seen, the problem has at the heart of it the second postulate of STR. No matter what speed they walk past each other in opposite directions, if Jack and Jill were to measure the speed of light (in their own frames of reference), they would get the same result. no matter at what speed or in which direction they or the source of the light are moving, must come to the same result when they measure the speed of light (Savitt, 2008) If its not known whether an event is present or past, then how can presentists hold the view that only things in the present exist? What things are in the present are both different for Jack and Jill. In an attempt to solve this, the presentist might try to say that the event is taken to be present or future depending on whether it is present or future in the absolute rest frame (p5, Eichman, 2007). However, according to STR there is no absolute rest frame, or absolute simultaneity, and therefore, there can be no absolute present. If we assume that STR is true, the following argument against Presentism can be constructed: (1) STR is true. (2) STR entails that there is no such relation as absolute simultaneity. (3) If there is no such relation as absolute simultaneity, then there is no such property as absolute presentness. (4) Presentism entails that there is such a property as absolute presentness. (5) Presentism is false. (p29, Markosian, 2004) Now that STR has been discussed adequately and that the trouble it poses for Presentism has been highlighted, I can move onto the final section of this essay. In the final section, I will consider two ways in which philosophers have tried to defend presentism against the seeming threat posed by STR. The first defense is brought forward by Mark Hinchliff (2000) in his paper A Defense of Presentism in a Relativistic Setting. The second defense, and the defense which I find more compelling, is brought forward by Ned Markosian (2004) in his paper A Defense of Presentism. I will explain why I find this defense more compelling, and why I think Hinchliffs defense doesnt work. Section 3 Defending Presentism The first defense against STR that I will consider is what Hinchliff calls The Point Model. In the point model, Hinchliff claims that in STR the present is to be identified with the here-now (pS579, Hinchliff, 2000). In other words, a presentist can argue that in STR, only a single space-time point exists; the here-now. Hinchliff does not hold this view himself and says that he knows of no one who actually holds this view (S579, Hinchliff, 2000). Nevertheless he feels its worthy enough to discuss. A standard objection against this model is to say that its lonely, in that nothing but the here-now exists. This objection is easily refuted however. Saying its lonely is akin to rejecting solipisism because theres no other people. Something stronger is needed in order to reject either the Point Model or solipsism. Putnam (1967) offers a better objection against the view however. Putnam says that anything that is past must have previously been present (p246, Putnam, 1967). Under Point prese ntism however, there are events in the past which have never been present. Therefore, Point Presentism violates the conceptual truth that what is past was present (S579, Hinchliff) This can be shown by way of example. Lets pretend an event occurs which is space-like separated from my here-now. It is therefore not in the present from my frame of reference. When time moves on, the event is however included in my past here-now, without ever being in the present, and therefore violated a conceptual truth. A presentist may try to argue that point presentism does not violate a conceptual truth, but this would lead them to trouble when trying to explain how certain objects of the present (objects that exists) cease to exist (fade into the past). I do not think this is a suitable defense of presentism against STR. I think if a presentist is to hold their view, then they must look for a way of fitting the outcomes of STR into that view. Point presentism attempts to change presentism in such a way that makes it compatible with STR, and fails to do so. Presentists should rather attempt to change STR in such a way that makes it compatible with presentism. I believe this is what Markosian (2004) attempts to do in his defense of presentism. I will now consider this defense and explain why I find it more compelling than Point Presentism. In his defense of presentism, Markosian (2004) considers whether STR contains enough philosophical baggage built into it to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ entail the proposition that there is no such relation as absolute simultaneity (p31, Markosian, 2004). If this is not the case, then there is no reason to assume that STR poses problems for presentism. Marksoian asks us to consider two different types of STR (p31, Markosian, 2004): STR+ : This version of STR does have enough philosophical baggage built into it to entail that there is no such thing as absolute simultaneity. STR-: This version of STR does not have enough philosophical baggage built into it to entail that there is no such thing as absolute simultaneity. Markosian rejects STR+ and accepts STR-. I believe the reasons for why he thinks this is key to any presentist wishing to defend their view against STR. All empirical evidence which suggests that STR+ is true, equally supports STR- (p31, Markosian 2004). Just because it is not physically possible to determine whether two objects or events are absolutely simultaneous (p31, Markosian) does not entail that there is no such thing as absolute simultaneity, and no absolute present. Consider the Andromeda Paradox as explained earlier. From their own frame of reference (or plain of simultaneity) their idea of what event is present is different  [7]  . The presentist is able to agree with this view. Agreeing with this, does not mean they must reject their view on absolute simultaneity or their view that an absolute present exists. It may be the case that an absolute rest frame is not accessible to us. The presentist can reject the first postulate of STR. With this said, it seems the etern alist is unable to refute presentism by appealing to STR, and it looks likely that any such argument will end in a stalemate. The eternalist and presentist view with regards to STR can be summed up as follows: Eternalist STR is true and entails there is no absolute simultaneity or absolute present. Therefore, presentism is incorrect. Presentist STR being true does not entail there is no absolute simultaneity or absolute present. It entails that these are not accessible to us, but nonetheless may still exist. According to me, they do exist. Its impossible to say whether either view is true or false (How would one prove that there is or isnt an absolute rest frame?), resulting in a stalemate. Its certainly seems that its not necessarily true that STR refutes presentism. Conclusion In this essay, I have achieved what I had set out to do. I have defined and explained what both presentism and eternalism entail. Ive made it clear what the differences between the two are and Ive shown that its important to understand what the word exists mean when discussing both views. I have also explained and discussed the Special Theory of Relativity. In doing so, I have shown how the paradoxes it leads to, causes problems for presentism, and have shown why the eternalist might try to attack presentism using STR. Finally, I considered ways in which the presentist may try to defend their position against STR and the eternalist. I have shown that any attempt by the eternalist to use STR against presentism will result in a stalement. The empirical evidence which supports STR+ equally supports STR-, and the presentist only needs to reject STR+ and accept STR-. The problem with using STR to attack presentism is that STR+ must be assumed to be true. It is not necessarily the case tha t STR+ is true, and the presentist may use this point in defending their position. STR+ (or a theory with the same consequences) may be shown to be true someday, but until that day comes, the eternalist should make use of some other weapon in trying to attack presentism. Word Count 4629 Student ID 1818201

Strengths And Limitations Of Education Campaigns Health Essay

Strengths And Limitations Of Education Campaigns Health Essay To establish the need for education amongst the population and its vital role in reducing HIV transmission. To assess the effectiveness (and thus the strengths and limitations) of various educational campaigns in preventing spread of HIV. To determine the psychological and social factors that may contribute to the effectiveness of such campaigns. During the 1980s and 1990s, the spread of HIV increased dramatically within the UK, however has slowed down over the last 20 years (1). Currently there are approximately 33 million people around the world who are living with HIV, and each year more and more people are being infected (2). There are several methods in place to help prevent the spread of HIV, including interventions for sex workers, treatment of STIs, voluntary counselling and testing and needle exchange programmes (3). However, perhaps one of the most important methods in preventing the spread of the virus is educating the population both as a whole and as individual groups. Once people have the knowledge about how HIV is transmitted and what it is, they are then able to take their own necessary precautions in preventing themselves from getting infected (4). For those already with HIV, educational campaigns can help increase awareness about how to cope and live with the disease as well as showing them how to prevent it s transmission. Generally, educational campaigns naturally tend to focus on at risk groups, such as men who have sex with men, sex workers and intravenous drug users (5, 6). Although this is a sensible approach, it is also important that the campaigns do not exclude the education of many other groups who are not considered directly at risk, such as the elderly (6). This is important as it can increase stigmatisation of the at risk groups, as well as not respecting the fact that HIV is a non discrimative virus and can infect anyone. By taking a detailed look at 4 types of educational campaigns, it is possible to assess the strengths and limitations of each, as well as determining the psychological and social factors that might make a campaign more or less effective. Mass Media Campaigns Mass media campaigns are generally used by governments as a method to dramatically increase general awareness amongst the whole population (2). Many forms of media can be used, for example advertisements on television, internet websites, flyers and posters distributed to each household. This type of educational campaign ensures that everyone has the same awareness of HIV, and can also be used to prompt people into further research for themselves (7). In the 1980s, the UK launched one such campaign, with the slogan: AIDS: Dont die of ignorance (8). This had a great effect in increasing general awareness amongst the whole population, however this type of mass education also has its limitations. The overall effectiveness is difficult to assess, as it is such a general form of education, as well as the fact that it is not the only method of HIV prevention tactics that were put into place at that time (9). Also, it does not target specific behavioural issues that need to be changed and wi th its widespread strategy it also is difficult to reach marginal groups (2). Another aspect that is a major downfall is that it may even increase stigma and discrimination as some early campaigns used fear as the main factor in reducing HIV spread, which caused many people to become fearful of those with HIV (10). It also could have led to a decrease in people getting tested for HIV as they were so worried about the effects, both social as well as physical. If these fear campaigns were focused to specific risk groups, it could cause a major stigmatisation of these people which would encourage the view that if you were not a part of the risk group there was no need to be concerned about HIV (2). HIV education in schools Approximately 1 in 6 new HIV infections in 2008 were among people who were under 15 years old (2). Therefore it is extremely important for young people to be equipped with the knowledge about what HIV is, how it is transmitted, and how they can reduce their risk of becoming infected regardless of whether they are sexually active or not. Schools are an excellent place to increase young peoples awareness as they are so universal and therefore would be able to target a wide audience. Also evidence shows that when targeted at a young age, educational campaigns for health promotion tend to be met more receptively by the young (11). By instilling young people with knowledge about HIV risks and diminishing discrimination against those with HIV at an early age, these ideas and values will be held throughout their lives and aid in the long term decrease in HIV prevalence (12). However there are still some limitations to educational campaigns within schools. The nature of the education may not be universal, as some schools may focus on abstinence-only programmes, which would not teach about safe sex and condom use (12). Since 1997, USA funding has increased in promoting these sorts of programmes within its schools despite studies showing that there is no long term effect on sexual health outcomes (12). Some religious schools across the world also prevent the teaching of safe sex and condom use amongst not only the young but also the general population (2). HIV education in the workplace As well as schools, the workplace is also an ideal place to target a wide audience who would be receptive to detailed information about HIV and its transmission. By increasing awareness about HIV and AIDS within the workplace, people who are both delivering as well as receiving this information would then be able to implement the practices both in their working lives as well as teaching their friends and families (2). There are also many professions that may in fact carry an increased risk of HIV transmission, for example those that work in health care (13). These workers would be at an increased danger of percutaneous injuries and specific education about how to avoid such injuries and what to do in the event of one occurring is vital to preventing the viruss transmission (14). Increased knowledge about the disease would also have the benefit of reducing the stigma surrounding HIV and AIDS and prevent discrimination in the workplace. This type of education, although effective, may not be put into place at every workplace therefore some infections may still occur through lack of awareness. Also stigma and discrimination against those who are infected may also sill exist. HIV and Peer Education Peer education is an excellent way of educating different groups, especially those groups which tend to be marginalised by society (2). It is a way of helping people within these groups to relate to the speaker and to be receptive about the content of discussion (15). As the peer educators are generally from a similar social background as the group, it is therefore a much more relaxed and social way of education. People also may feel a lot more comfortable asking questions about sensitive topics and issues to someone they can relate to and feel more relaxed around (16). Studies have shown that peer education works particularly well with members of society who are at risk of HIV but distrustful of authoritative figures, such as those in prisons (2). This is important as it provides an excellent way of reaching out to those in marginalised groups who need HIV education to increase awareness but may not know how to go about receiving this. As with all the above methods of educational ca mpaigns, peer education would be reliable and accurate, as those who are educating would have undergone recent and relevant training (16). However, peer education may be difficult to set up, and would also be dependant on government support and private organisations and charities setting them up in the first place. Issues such as national discrimination against homosexuals would also reduce the level of education provided, for example in countries such as Zimbabwe, where the president has openly condemned homosexuality (17). Conclusion Although these are not the only types of educational strategies available, each has several strengths and well as a few limitations. The limitations tend to be focused towards a level of stigma and discrimination against those with HIV and a fear of the virus itself by both individuals as well as governments. However it is only with correct understanding and education in the issues surrounding HIV that people can learn to avoid unnecessary infection and respect the fact that HIV is a universal problem and can affect anyone. Education is highly important, however on its own it can only go so far in stopping the spread of HIV. Other methods of harm prevention must also be put into place to ensure that HIV transmission is minimised, for example needle exchange programmes, open clinic testing and accessible condoms would be required (4). Once people understand the social as well as physical factors associated with HIV, they must be able to have places to go that offer support and can help them if they wished to further their knowledge about the virus. In conclusion, educational campaigns must both be widespread to access the population as a whole, as well as targeted to individuals and specific groups in order to change risky behaviours both in the short and long term.

Free Essays - Immortality and the Epic of Gilgamesh :: Epic Gilgamesh essays

Immortality and the Epic of Gilgamesh Immortality - (a) the quality or state of being immortal. (b) never ending existence. Although that is the Webster definition of immortality, what is never-ending existence? That question has a different answer for everyone. Some people believe that never-ending existence happens by never physically dying, and others believe that immortality can be obtained through your children. I personally feel that your children cannot give you immortality nowadays because of all the influences outside of the home. What I mean by this is that children are not striving to be "chips of the old blocks" anymore. They spend more time with their friends, or watching, TV, or listening to music, not following their parents around. To become immortal, you must either live forever, which is not very likely, or do something that is historically noteworthy like George Washington, or Abe Lincoln. Gilgamesh is an epic story about our hero Gilgamesh, and for a short time, his friend Enkidu. In the beginning Enkidu is one which animals; Later, however, he and Gilgamesh fight and become close friends. Together, they fought wars, and ruled the city. Eventually, the goddess of war asked Gilgamesh to marry her but he refused, making her very angry. She retaliates by sending the bull of heaven down to attack Gilgamesh and Enkidu. In the battle, they killed the bull, but Enkidu injured his hand; he eventually died from his wound. After Enkidu died, Gilgamesh went on a quest for immortality. Gilgamesh was trying to find immortality for both Enkidu and Himself. After gilgamesh got the "immortality" plant and scratched himself with it he was bathing and a snake ate the plant. As soon as that happened Gilgamesh started to cry. Since he had already used the plant on himself, it was evident that he still wanted the plant for Enkidu. Another example occurred during Gilgameshes conversation with the boatman.

Searle’s Solution to the Missing Object Problem :: Searle Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Let us imagine that to play a joke on her new friend Suzy, Jenny tells her all about her cocker spaniel. Jenny tells Suzy that her dog’s name is Sally, that Sally has long blonde hair, and that she loves to eat table scraps. The only problem is that Sally does not really exist  ¾ but Jenny doesn’t tell this to Suzy. Because of this, Suzy forms all sorts of beliefs about Jenny’s cocker spaniel. She believes that it is named Sally, that it has long blonde hair and loves to eat table scraps, and perhaps a few other beliefs. She also forms desires regarding the dog  ¾ she wants to meet Sally, to play fetch with her, and to buy her a doggie treat. Suzy, therefore, has many beliefs and desires regarding Sally the cocker spaniel  ¾ and all of this in spite of the fact that Sally does not really exist at all. In orchestrating this prank, Jenny thought she was merely playing a simple trick on her friend. But in succeeding at this, she has brought about a s ignificant philosophical dilemma. If Sally the cocker spaniel does not exist, then what are all of Suzy’s beliefs and desires about? This is the problem of â€Å"objectless directedness.† Mental states like believing and desiring are understood to be directed at things; they are intentional states, and every intentional state must have an intentional object. If I have a belief that Michael Jordan is the best basketball player of all time, or that Bush is a good wartime President, then these are beliefs about, respectively, Michael Jordan and George Bush. If I have a desire to meet the Pope, or to have a hamburger, then these desires are directed at the Pope and a hamburger, respectively. But in Suzy’s case, the supposed intentional object of her beliefs and desires  ¾ Sally the cocker spaniel  ¾ turned out not to exist at all. So did the beliefs and desires have an intentional object at all? And if so, what was it? In addressing this problem, this paper will explicate and argue for a solution given by John Searle in his book, Intentionality. After briefly

Financial Modelling

Financial Modeling Discipline – Guiding Principles A good financial analyst has the discipline of adhering to a list of guiding principles to help ensure that the development of the financial model achieves the desired results. By following these simple steps, a financial  analyst should be able to build a financial model that is simple, accurate and most importantly consistent, to help build confidence in a financial decision making process. Financial Modeling Discipline can be acquired in all 3 stages of the financial modeling process: †¢ Specification Stage Design Stage †¢ Build Stage Specification Stage 1. Be very clear on the effort involved and the dependencies before committing to deadlines –  the financial modeling exercise is usually on the critical path! 2. Get the algebra right — make sure all revenues, cash flow inwards and assets are positive while expenses, cash outflows and liabilities are negative. This will ensure that we rarely use the minus sign in formulae and can use the sum() function. 3. Avoid all calculations that will cause circular references. Design Stage 1.Ensure that each assumption is input only once in a financial model. 2. Define scenario variables clearly in a separate â€Å"Scenario manager† section or worksheet in the financial model. 3. Define the time unit that is to be used consistently throughout the financial model. 4. Group all assumptions and inputs into one sheet and state units clearly in the financial model. 5. Avoid executing complex calculations in the â€Å"Output section† of the financial model. 6. Build an Interface sheet if you are working with a financial model with multiple workbooks.Build Stage 1. Always note all assumptions, sources and calculation methods in the financial model for future reference. 2. Avoid complicated macros in the financial model if possible – macros make it difficult to follow logic, spot errors or amend the financial model, besid es bloating the file size. 3. Lay all financial model calculations in chronological order – Avoid having calculations in one row refer to calculations in lower rows. 4. Do not try to do too much in one cell with a large complex calculation formula. Break the calculation into blocks.Lay the financial model calculations out in blocks, to enable copying formulae across columns or down rows saving time in developing and reviewing financial models. 5. All financial model calculation and output sections should be locked to avoid inadvertent data entry therein. 6. Include charts in the output section for easy understanding, analysis and auditing of the financial model. 7. Always keep back-ups preferably on separate disks and leave the ‘autosave’ option on for your financial model workbook. 8. Stick to a consistent version labelling system eg â€Å"company xyz_2/2/09_V02_DC†.Save several versions of your financial model each day and retain old versions. 9. Avoid j umping to conclusions / sharing results based on preliminary financial model results. Common Mistakes in Financial Modeling While reviewing and auditing financial models, a good financial analyst should be alert to the common types of errors that often plague financial models. These are often less due to errors in Excel or other financial model applications you may be using, and more because of human error in formulating calculations or conversions in a financial model. Common Errors in Financial Modeling: 1.Conversion factors (kilobytes to megabytes, monthly to annual, millions  to thousands, etc). 2. Range included in totals (certain rows not included). 3. Calculation formula not replicated  across columns. 4. Wrong row references in calculation formula. 5. Wrong column references in starting  time period  (each column should typically contain references only from that column). 6. Change in cell references in formulae referring to other workbooks. 7. Algebraic errors (wron g use of brackets, plus/minus errors). 8. Range limits not set (eg, having negative  number of customers or negative distributor commission payments). . Hard coded dummy numbers / assumptions perpetuating in the financial model due to oversight. 3 Golden rules for Financial Analysts to Avoid Errors in Financial Models: 1. Be diligent when building the financial model, a little concentration and attention to detail early on will save you a lot of time and work later.2. Ask another person not in the financial modeling team to conduct a detailed audit, very often a fresh pair of eyes may spot errors then are’nt obvious to someone who’s been looking at the same spreadsheet for days or weeks on end. . Perform sanity checks on outputs through benchmarking exercises, always use your common sense and business knowledge to ensure that the results of your financial model (e. g. individual product revenues or cost items, etc) are realistic and aligned with what you may expect t hem to be. Designing a Financial Model – Making it Idiot Proof Always design a financial model for people who did not build it and for people with limited understanding of financial modeling and analysis techniques.This will help you ensure the usefulness and relevance of the financial model, and preserve its longevity long after you have completed the financial modeling exercise. In each financial model workbook, you will typically need some or all of the following worksheets: 1. Administration and documentation 2. Assumptions 3. Major blocks such as marketing or capital expenditure (CAPEX) 4. Calculation of revenues, costs, balance sheets, ratios, cashflows 5. Scenario managers and displaysTo enable modular team working, clarity in use and easy auditing, use a standard financial model design template and color codes developed specifically for your company, and ensure that everyone gets familiar with the standardized format. In that way, the entire company will have a single approach to formatting financial models. All users, be they senior executives or junior financial analysts, will then be able to differentiate between cells in the financial model that are hard coded, calculations or outputs, and intepret different financial models from different teams without ambiguity.

My Best Memories Essay

Through push through my life, I catch lived with many special memories, some painful, sad, marvellous and quick-witted. However, of each(prenominal) the memories, totall(a)y exquisite memories argon worth mentioning over and over again. whatever people may suffer see similar memories however, it all depends on how the several(prenominal) holds a ill-tempered memory that matters in this regard. most measures, people house claim that their outdo memories were created with their lovers, traveling with family, or their childhood memories. As for me, my junior family in racy direct provided a special unfor allowtable event that I go out incessantly live to conceive.There were several memorable instances such as relateing the scholarly person association, concussion lots of friends at that particular eon, everybody offered support to each other and we sustenanced for ace a nonher. For me, condition is not just a place to perk up, entirely also a home and my sacrificen. In 2004, I was poring over at a missionary school called Taiwan Adventists Collage. even so though this was the counterbalance time I was living and study away from home, I still regain that we sang together, cried together, laughed together, learned together and came through with(predicate) together, and sometimes we would hang out with my b ar-assed friends till midnight.Now when I typeface choke off, I realize that it was not only when cheer, but also crazy and wonderful. At my gr. 10 year, I was really ready at school, and this made the School schoolchild Association leader named Vicky to persuade me to join his separate before my second year started. Certainly, YES Joining this convocation was a countenance that I could not wish away. For my broad(a) summer break, I worked with them for half a year on the schools student activity project schedule. Vicky appoint me to the schools diverts mean solar day assemblage and appointed me to be the mat hematical concourse leader.She told me to doctor blusters day with College Student Association and concussion them slightly the branch meeting. Nervousness, fear, and excitement depict my mood before I met College aggroup leader. It was a nice meeting at least for first time. I remember his name was Xian Sun. We talked about the time schedule, situated out the program, divided duties between his group and my group, and also planned for the next time we were breathing out to meet. I had to inform my group of what had transpired in our meeting and the way forward.I still remember that this was my first time presenting something in front of the people purpose a very important announcement. My teammates were anxious, facial expression at me eagerly to deliver the message. Well, we unyielding to separate all the teammates to work in different myopic groups together with the College students. We will be ascend five different small groups of graphic/music, shopping, planning, labor, and administration each group will train five members. distributively small group must have a team leader this leader will have to report the achieved luck of scheduled plan to me.The leader will also join us in the meeting every time to suck up on the scheduled process, I utter. The first challenge came out when I was dividing the members. Some of my teammates did not agree with my decisions they did not register why they flocknot work with their ruff friends in the same group while others did not wish staying in the administration group but instead, they commanded to be in the shopping group. subsequently, they started to threaten me because I was reject team leader in the hierarchy. I had to heelen to their point of argument or else, they would severalise our leader, Vicky and leave my team.At that moment, I was confused as to why they could not use their mind and discover that this was not for personal gain but for the make headway of the group as a entir e? I was angered and had indignation to tell them that whatever I had done was the better way and cannot be interchanged anymore if there were any questions then they should go frontward and tell Vicky. I did not care. allover a sudden, Vicky came to meet me and asked me what had happened with some of my teammates and he offered to teach me on how to solve this problem.I tried to inform to the teammates the concludes as to why I separated friends into different groups. For instance, I put some people in the music group because they are frank in music and others are trade better at planning programs or at administration issues and so on and so forth. In the end, all of them came to understand my decisions and accepted. We were all on the right thwart and we had to watch going before the second meeting with the college students. I later found out that the administration group was not essential so I divided all students into four different groups.One of the groups was extre mely strong for every sport. This group had the beat players in school sporting disciplines like school basketball or track and field team players. For the other groups, they mat up disappointed because they already knew that every sport game champion would arrange from the strongest group, this is their sport day, and not for other people. At first, I totally overruled their first team list and gave them second chance to change the membership of the group for this reason. They made some changes but still this was not enough to provide a fair playing ground.I was super angry and indignant to get the roll sheet changed to what it should look like. I did not know that they had decided not to do anything expecting that I will change everything unilaterally. I had not listened to them. What a life-size crime? How can I explain this? The other groups including the shopping group complained about labor group not going to support them in buying provide etc I tried to mediate and reco ncile, oh how I wished sport day could hurry and come to pass I tried my best to accommodate troubles and everything looked like going back to right way once more.I was busy all the time attendance college group to meetings, our group meetings, catching up for support and anything, and reporting to my leader, Vicky. In a little while, I had a short meeting with College group and we pleasant of differed a little bit at that time. The reason to this was the money expenses were not going to be divided equally College want advanced school to pay more because we have more participants than them. They want the amply school to account for 65% of the expenses whereas the remaining 35% be footed by the College.This is not fair I told their leader, Xian Sun. I told him that I had to consult preceptor. Consequently, I went back and come back with the answer. This is not a good deal for us, but I can agree on 60% for us and 40% for them my preceptor said. Sorry Xian Sun, this is only what w e can accept anyway, I said and looked at him and matte up that he was kind of mad at me. Suddenly, I felt that this conjecture was so hard for me. I was a mere 17-years old high school girl and I did not know how to communicate and balance this.I was not an adult enough to understand how to explicitly confer the bill. I did not understand why I had to care about those, why I was an devilish being for everything. I felt sad, moving and without confidence in my mind. I really tried to quit this job at that time. Vicky came to me and said, Nothing is im come-at-able, see the impossible volume can be broken into Im and possible so that it can be, Im possible Eva I believe you can finish this job and that was one of the reasons as to why I chose you to become a leader at this time.I believe you can do it Do not worry, everything will be fine. Add oil Eva Go Eva. Subsequently this conversation always remind me of forces and tranquil to govern and be hardy. Finally, the sport day came. Everything was perfect. The program went on unhindered. We were so happy to see this. Every student and the teachers had fun that day. I can see my teammates painstakingly strive with effort, and the fruits of that day. In end in our party, a lot of people moody to congratulate me because they had learnt a lot from me or from this activity.They knew something was wrong but did not want to tell me until I point out to them to their embarrassment. Anyway all passed, we still are friends. From there I learned that to be a leader is important, we can learn a lot from leadinghip, and according to what teachers have taught us, this process is the foundation of the future. Also being a leader is really good. Even though sometimes it was stressful from flights, reports, meetings etc, these were our responsibilities for what leaders should do. However, all of these memories will live with my sprightliness forever and ever.

John Locke Leader of the Enlightenment Essay

backside Locke has had a big rival on governments, former(a)(a) loss leading and equation during the understanding, olibanum fashioning him the intimately prestigious drawing card of that era. Lockes publications specifically his harbour The ii Treatises of political relation was the nominate to umteen of his contributions. By off the beaten track(predicate)ther intimately the roughly prestigious literary works emerged from the frame of apprentice prat Locke (Powell, Jim). In this prevail, Locke discusses the remove for trinity inbred estimables, the h angiotensin converting enzymest to property, demeanor and shore leave. exclusively leash decentlys pertained to equating and see as the discretion date rotated round individualism, his study and maintain of inhering near fields do him a extensive limit and role-model. Further much than, buns Locke was against the predict proper(ip) of Kings and believed that at that place was no virtuoso full-strength swayer that was elect by god. He kind of believed that the feeling pull out should be refractory by the citizens of a country. This in childs play allowed the citizens to a enceinteer extent than self-direction and in that locationfrom much equation every angiotensin converting enzymes votings counted and apiece suffrage was equal.His feel in rude(a) pay offs excessively god some(prenominal) new(prenominal) movements and laws much(prenominal) as the cut Revolution, the US Constitution, the American answer of license and The cordial Contract. If it wasnt for him and his belles-lettres, galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) an(prenominal) leading of the sense much(prenominal) as Voltaire wouldnt lead been godlike to number up with and divvy up their ideas. toilet Lockes modulates on politics, par and the some new(prenominal) leading of the promised land were immense, in that respectfore make him hotshot(a) of t he extensive leadinghiphiphip of The enlightenment. buns Locke has had a broad relate on governments, new(prenominal) attracters and comparison during the learning, and then reservation him the close to authoritative attractor of that era. Lockes publications specifically his earmark The dickens Treatises of political science was the profound to some of his contributions. By out-of-the-way(prenominal)away the closely prestigious belles-lettres emerged from the inditeitentiary of student rump Locke (Powell, Jim). In this intelligence, Locke discusses the ingest for triad innate(p) proper(a)s, the right to property, behavior and closeness. only tercet rights pertained to comparability and beholding as the sagacity while rotated nearly individualism, his cultivation and obtain of inbred counterbalances do him a bully warp and role-model. Furtherto a prominenter extent, can buoy Locke was against the divine proficient of Kings an d believed that thither was no sensation unbowed swayer that was elect by god. He quite believed that the feeling sop up should be resolute by the citizens of a country. This in exploit allowed the citizens to a strikinger extent(prenominal) acquaintance and and then more than comparability every anes right to selects counted and apiece choose was equal.His impression in indwelling rights in addition shaped numerous an different(prenominal) movements and laws much(prenominal) as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American solvent of inde writedence and The br different(a)ly Contract. If it wasnt for him and his literature, legion(predicate) leadinghip of the attainment much(prenominal) as Voltaire wouldnt sire been stir to educe up with and per centum their ideas. thaumaturgy Lockes influences on politics, par and the some early(a)wisewise drawshiphiphip of the sense were immense, consequently fashioning him i of the huge leading of The foresight. bath Locke has had a bully shock on governments, an otherwise(prenominal) leadinghip and compare during the reasonableness, thence devising him the close to authoritative leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his apply The both Treatises of establishment was the observe to some(prenominal) of his contributions. By farthest the intimately prestigious belles-lettres emerged from the indite of educatee caper Locke (Powell, Jim). In this handwriting, Locke discusses the claim for iii cancel rights, the right to property, career and autonomy. exclusively trey rights pertained to comparability and see as the heaven earned run average revolve approximately individualism, his phylogenesis and shop at of innate slumps do him a corking influence and role-model. Furthermore, bathroom Locke was against the churchman decently of Kings and believed that thither was no 1 straight dominion that was e lect by god. He kinda believed that the sentiment jampack should be obdurate by the citizens of a country. This in second allowed the citizens more liberty and soly more equating every unmatcheds votes counted and severally(prenominal) vote was equal.His stamp in purportlike rights similarly influenced many a(prenominal) another(prenominal) a(prenominal) an(prenominal) other movements and laws much(prenominal) as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American resolve of freedom and The accessible Contract. If it wasnt for him and his literature, many leaders of the wisdom much(prenominal) as Voltaire wouldnt pitch been stir to make sense up with and tract their ideas. deception Lockes influences on politics, comparison and the other leaders of the judiciousness were immense, olibanum make him one of the greatest leaders of The judgment. outhouse Locke has had a great restore on governments, other leaders and par during the Enlightenmen t, therefore reservation him the closely(prenominal) important leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his book The deuce Treatises of establishment was the learn to many of his contributions. By far the more or less authoritative books emerged from the pen of educatee caper Locke (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the acquire for troika infixed rights, the right to property, look and liberty. in all deuce-ace rights pertained to equating and see as the Enlightenment age revolved well-nigh individualism, his developing and take for of born(p) Rights make him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, flush toilet Locke was against the perceive Right of Kings and believed that there was no one rightful(a) normal that was chosen by god. He sooner believed that the control ram back should be fixed by the citizens of a country. This in fling allowed the citizens more liberty and then more equation everyones votes counted and individually vote was equal.His feeling in congenital rights similarly influenced many other movements and laws much(prenominal) as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American answer of emancipation and The well-disposed Contract. If it wasnt for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Voltaire wouldnt contrive been invigorate to deal up with and dower their ideas. washbasin Lockes influences on politics, equation and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, gum olibanumly fashioning him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. joke Locke has had a great equal on governments, other leaders and compare during the Enlightenment, thence make him the most influential leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his book The cardinal Treatises of political relation was the notice to many of his contributions. By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar prank Locke (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the withdraw for triplet natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty. all told three rights pertained to equality and sightedness as the Enlightenment age revolved well-nigh individualism, his phylogeny and post of indispensable Rights do him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, magic trick Locke was against the nobleman Right of Kings and believed that there was no one square(a) principle that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the opinion force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in caper allowed the citizens more liberty and thereof more equality everyones votes counted and separately vote was equal.His public opinion in inherent rights as well as influenced many other movements and laws much(prenominal) as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American solvent of license and The affable Contract. If it wasnt for him and his literatu re, many leaders of the Enlightenment much(prenominal) as Voltaire wouldnt go been enliven to go down up with and touch their ideas. magic trick Lockes influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, therefrom make him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. washstand Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus fashioning him the most influential leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his book The twain Treatises of Government was the key to many of his contributions. By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar magic trick Locke (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty.All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment sequence revolved around individualism, his development and hurt of instinctive Rights made him a great inf luence and role-model. Furthermore, prank Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality everyones votes counted and each vote was equal.His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws much(prenominal) as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasnt for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldnt have been exalt to come up with and share their ideas. John Lockes influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment.John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government was the key to many of his contributions. By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty.All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality everyones votes counted and each vote was equal.His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the F rench Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasnt for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldnt have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Lockes influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment.John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government was the key to many of his contributions. By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty.All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around i ndividualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality everyones votes counted and each vote was equal.His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasnt for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldnt have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Lockes influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment.John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government was the key to many of his contributions. By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty.A ll three rightspertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality everyones votes counted and each vote was equal.His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasnt for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldnt have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Lockes influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment.John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government was the key to many of his contributions. By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty.All three rights pertaine d to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality everyones votes counted and each vote was equal.His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasnt for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldnt have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Lockes influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greates t leaders of The Enlightenment.John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government was the key to many of his contributions. By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty.All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality ev eryones votes counted and each vote was equal.His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasnt for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldnt have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Lockes influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment.John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government was the key to many of his contributions. By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights , the right to property, life and liberty.All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality everyones votes counted and each vote was equal.His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasnt for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldnt have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Lockes influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment.John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government was the key to many of his contributions. By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty.All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This i n turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality everyones votes counted and each vote was equal.His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasnt for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldnt have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Lockes influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment.John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government was the key to many of his contributions. By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke (Powell, Ji m). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty.All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality everyones votes counted and each vote was equal.His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasnt for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldnt have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. Jo hn Lockes influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment.John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government was the key to many of his contributions. By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty.All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality everyones votes counted and each vote was equal.His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasnt for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldnt have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Lockes influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment.John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government was the key to many of his contributions. By far the most influent ial writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty.All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality everyones votes counted and each vote was equal.His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasnt for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire w ouldnt have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Lockes influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment.John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government was the key to many of his contributions. By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty.All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no o ne true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality everyones votes counted and each vote was equal.His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasnt for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldnt have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Lockes influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment.John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government was the key to many of his contributions. By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty.All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality everyones votes counted and each vote was equal.His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasnt for him and h is literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldnt have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Lockes influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment.John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government was the key to many of his contributions. By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty.All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality everyones votes counted and each vote was equal.His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasnt for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldnt have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Lockes influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment.John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government was the key to many of his contributions. By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty.All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights made him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country. This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality everyones votes counted and each vote was equal.His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasnt for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldnt have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas. John Lockes influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of TheEnlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenment, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government was the key to many of his contributions. By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke (Powell, Jim). In this book, Locke discusses the need for three natural rights, the right to property, life and liberty.All three rights pertained to equality and seeing as the Enlightenment Era revolved around individualism, his development and support of Natural Rights mad e him a great influence and role-model. Furthermore, John Locke was against the Divine Right of Kings and believed that there was no one true ruler that was chosen by god. He instead believed that the ruling force should be decided by the citizens of a country.This in turn allowed the citizens more liberty and thus more equality everyones votes counted and each vote was equal. His belief in Natural rights also influenced many other movements and laws such as the French Revolution, the US Constitution, the American Declaration of Independence and The Social Contract. If it wasnt for him and his literature, many leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire wouldnt have been inspired to come up with and share their ideas.John Lockes influences on politics, equality and the other leaders of the Enlightenment were immense, thus making him one of the greatest leaders of The Enlightenment. John Locke has had a great impact on governments, other leaders and equality during the Enlightenme nt, thus making him the most influential leader of that era. Lockes literature specifically his book The Two Treatises of Government was the key to many of his contributions. By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke (Powell, Jim). In this book, Loc.